Gene Expression Endpoints Following Subchronic Thiamethoxam Exposure in Adult Male Rabbits

Aim: to investigate the sub chronic toxicity of thiamethoxam on some parameters of reproductive performance in adult male rabbits including gene expression of LDH-C4, FSH? and LH? and GnRHR. Method: sixteen adult male Chinchilla rabbits were divided into two equal groups. Animals in the first group were treated orally with TMX at dose of 250 mg/kg body weight for 90 days. The second group was served as control. Result: Obtained results showed that TMX increased the relative weight of some reproductive organs including testis and prostate. Hormonal analysis revealed that, TMX induced a significant elevation in the serum testosterone level, while the concentrations of FSH and LH hormones did not exhibit any alterations between treated and control groups. In addition, LDH-C4, FSH? and LH? and GnRHR genes were down regulated in TMX treated group. Conclusion: Administration of thiamethoxam for 90 days in male rabbits induced a noticeable adverse effect on serum testosterone level and down regulated genes related to male rabbit reproductive performance

Subchronic Oral Toxicity Evaluation of Sodium Dehydroacetate: A 90-day Repeated Dose Study in Rats / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Objective@#The present study was undertaken to evaluate the subchronic oral toxicity of sodium dehydroacetate (DHA-Na) and to determine the point of departure (POD), which is a critical factor in the establishment of an acceptable dietary intake.@*Methods@#DHA-Na was administered once daily by gavage to Sprague-Dawley rats at dose levels of 0.0, 31.0, 62.0, and 124.0 mg/kg BW per day for 90 days, followed by a recovery period of 4 weeks in the control and 124.0 mg/kg BW per day groups. The outcome parameters were mortality, clinical observations, body weights, food consumption, hematology and clinical biochemistry, endocrine hormone levels, and ophthalmic, urinary, and histopathologic indicators. The benchmark dose (BMD) approach was applied to estimate the POD.@*Results@#Significant decreases were found in the 62.0 and 124.0 mg/kg BW groups in terms of the body weight and food utilization rate, whereas a significant increase was found in the thyroid stimulating hormone levels of the 124.0 mg/kg BW group. Importantly, the 95% lower confidence limit on the BMD of 51.7 mg/kg BW was modeled for a reduction in body weight.@*Conclusion@#The repeated-dose study indicated the slight systemic toxicity of DHA-Na at certain levels (62.0 and 124.0 mg/kg BW) after a 90-day oral exposure.

Safety evaluation of chromium picolinate in experimental rats

Background: Chromium, an essential trace mineral plays an important role in the metabolism of carbohydrate, fat and proteins. Chromium picolinate (Cr.Pic) is used in alternative medicine to treat chromium deficiency. Though Cr.Pic is increasingly used to treat diabetes and obesity, studies on its safety profile is limited.Methods: Acute toxicity study was conducted by oral administration of Cr.Pic (2000 mg/kg body weight). The animals were maintained another 14 days with once a day observation. For sub-chronic studies, test groups were treated with Cr.Pic 10 mg/kg/day for 90 days. Tests for hepatic and renal function were conducted. Effect of Cr.Pic on behavioural changes and motor co-ordination was done on every week. Histopathological studies were conducted on day 90 at the end of the experiment.Results: Acute toxicity study of Cr.Pic showed no signs of toxicity and mortality. Absence of any behavioural alteration or mortality during the period of 14 days indicates that Cr.Pic has no latent effect. Similar results were obtained with sub-chronic studies suggesting safety of Cr.Pic. Cr.Pic treated groups showed no changes in learning and motor co-ordination compared to the untreated group. No gross histopathological changes were seen in any group indicating safety of Cr.Pic.Conclusions: The present study conferred safety profile of Cr.Pic from normal results obtained in hepatic function, renal function, behavioural and histopathological studies, suggesting its safety.

Sub-chronic toxicity evaluation of Dryopteris filix-mas (L. ) schott, leaf extract in albino rats

This study evaluated the acute and sub-chronic toxicities of ethanol leaf extract of Dryopteris filix-mas. Acute toxicity and phytochemical tests on ethanol leaf extract were determined. In sub-chronic toxicity test, animals were treated with 62.5, 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg of extract every day for 90 days. Blood samples were collected via retro-orbital puncture for baseline studies and at 31, 61 and 91st days for determination of hematological, kidney and liver function parameters. Liver and kidneys were harvested for histopathology analyses on 91st day. Also, a 28 day recovery study was carried out to determine reversibility in toxicological effects. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, alkaloids, terpenoids, reducing sugar and cardiac glycosides. Acute toxicity test did not show toxicity or death at 5000 mg/kg. There was significant (p<0.005) reduction in white blood cell and lymphocyte counts, significant (p<0.05) increase in some liver and kidney biomarkers as well as alterations in liver and kidney histo-architecture on 91st days in animals that were treated with 250 and 500 mg/kg extract. However, toxicities observed on 91st day were reversible in recovery studies. The leaf extract of Dryopteris filix-mas may be hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic when used for long periods

Sub-chronic Toxicity of Defoamer Used in Seawater Desalination / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the possible long-term health effects of the defoamer used in seawater desalination by sub-chronic toxicity testing.@*METHODS@#Blood analysis, internal organ assessment, and histopathological examination were carried out in rats exposed to low, medium, and high (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 g/kg BW, respectively) doses of defoamer for 90 days through oral administration.@*RESULTS@#The high dose group showed decreased blood alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase (P < 0.05). All doses resulted in a significant increase in albumin and decrease in globulin (P < 0.05). The direct bilirubin and indirect bilirubin were decreased in the medium and high dose groups (P < 0.05). All dose groups showed significant induction of alkaline phosphatase (P < 0.05). Pathological examination revealed a case of liver mononuclear cell infiltration in the medium dose group and three cases of liver congestion, steatosis of hepatic cells around the central vein, and punctate necrosis with multiple focal mononuclear cell infiltration in male rats administered the high dose. The No Observed Adverse Effect Level was 0.5 g/kg BW in rats, with albumin and total bilirubin as health effect indices.@*CONCLUSION@#Long-term defoamer exposure may cause liver injury but has no significant impact on renal function in rats. The effect on blood cells in female rats was more prominent than that in male rats.

Synergistic effect and different toxicities of adjuvant components of Realgar–Indigo Naturalis formula / 中草药·英文版

Objective: Realgar–Indigo Naturalis formula (RIF) is a well-known arsenic-containing preparation that is used to treat acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) in China. In recent multicenter clinical trials, complete remission rates in APL patients have ranged from 96.08% to 100%. RIF has a satisfactory therapeutic effect, but its safety is a widespread concern, since the preparation contains arsenic, a wide-ranging and naturally occurring toxicant. In this study, in order to determine the toxic potential of RIF, acute toxicity and sub chronic toxicity assays were performed to evaluate the toxic potential of Realgar and the adjuvant components of RIF in addition to Realgar's synergy with these adjuvant components. Methods: KM mice and Wistar rats were selected for these experiments. To evaluate acute toxicity, the toxic effects of a single dose of a gradient of concentrations of Realgar were firstly determined. Then, the toxic effects of combinations of gradient doses of Realgar and fixed doses of Indigo naturalis and Salvia miltiorrhiza were evaluated. Results: The results showed that when Realgar was used alone, the LD50 was 2756.73 mg/kg (equivalent to 23.6 mg/kg As2O3). However, the LD50 dropped to 936.90 mg/kg when Realgarwas used with I. naturalis. By contrast, the LD50 increased to 7538.86 mg/kg when Realgar was used with S. miltiorrhiza. Hence, I. naturalis strengthened the toxicity of Realgar, whereas S. miltiorrhiza displayed the opposite effect. The sub chronic toxicity assessment results revealed a trend that was consistent with acute toxicity. Changes in the levels of different valence states of arsenic were also taken into account. The test results of the effects of in vitro combinations of Realgar and adjuvant components on soluble arsenic dissolution showed that I. naturalis increased the level of soluble arsenic in Realgar extracts and I. naturalis suspensions when theRealgar/I. naturalis ratio was 2, 1.5, and 1.0. However, S. miltiorrhiza did not affect it. Conclusion: Based on the collective experimental results presented here, it can be concluded that the toxicity of RIF is the result of the soluble arsenic in Realgar and that the I. naturalis and S. miltiorrhiza in the RIF exert completely opposite effects on the toxicity of Realgar. This maybe an intelligent explanation for the compatibility of this formula, and this RIF study may therefore be viewed as a classic case of traditional Chinese medicine research on compatibility.

Sub-chronic toxicity of MNT-016 by benchmark dose method in Sprague-Dawley rats / 军事医学

Objective To evaluate the repeated dose toxicity of MNT-016 in SD rats and to provide reference for toxicity evaluation.Methods MNT-016 was administered to rats at 5, 20 and 80 mg/kg for 90 days.The toxic effects on the animals were evaluated by observing the clinical signs and measuring the body weight, hematology and blood biochemistry as well as histopathological examination.NOAEL and benchmark dose lower confidence limit(BMDL) were observed by the end point of toxicity.Results Compared with the control group, the AST, TBIL, DBIL and Crea of male rats were increased in a dose-dependent manner, while TG and CHOL decreased.The body mass(before anatomy), heart, liver, thymus, epididymis of male rats in 80 mg/kg group were significantly decreased (P<0.05), while absolute organ mass of the heart and lung was increased.The body mass (before anatomy) and thymus of female rats in 80 mg/kg group were significantly decreased (P<0.05), while absolute organ mass of lungs was increased.Vacuolation of hepatocytes was observed in groups each dose, tubule atrophy was found in the kidneys of 20 and 5 mg/kg groups, and tubule basophilia was observed in 80 mg/kg group.The incidence of the above lesions was higher in male animals than in female ones.Conclusion The NOAEL of MNT-016 is lower than 5 mg/kg in male rats and 5 mg/kg in female rats.BMDL value is 2.65 mg/kg in male animals and more accurate than NOAEL, and is 9.04 mg/kg in female animals,which is slightly larger than the corresponding NOAEL.

Evaluating the safety of forsythin from Forsythia suspensa leaves by acute and sub-chronic oral administration in rodent models

Objective To access the toxicity of forsythin from Forsythia suspensa leaves and evaluate its safety. Methods Acute toxicity was determined by oral administration of a single dose of 18 100 mg/kg forsythin in NIH mice. Sub-chronic toxicity was evaluated by oral administration of several doses of forsythin for 30 days at does of 0, 540, 1 620, and 6 480 mg/kg in SD rats. Results In the acute toxicity study, mortality was not observed after 14 days. In addition, clinically relevant adverse effects, or variations in body weight or food consumption were not observed. Similarly, after 30 days in the sub-chronic toxicity study, no mortality or significant toxicological effects such as decreased food consumption, body weight, biochemical parameters and vital organs etc. were noticed. Conclusion The results revealed that the forsythin from Forsythia suspensa leaves has low or no toxicity via oral administration, and therefore is suitable for further development and applications.

Evaluating the safety of forsythin from Forsythia suspensa leaves by acute and sub-chronic oral administration in rodent models

OBJECTIVE@#To access the toxicity of forsythin from Forsythia suspensa leaves and evaluate its safety.@*METHODS@#Acute toxicity was determined by oral administration of a single dose of 18100 mg/kg forsythin in NIH mice. Sub-chronic toxicity was evaluated by oral administration of several doses of forsythin for 30 days at does of 0, 540, 1620, and 6480 mg/kg in SD rats.@*RESULTS@#In the acute toxicity study, mortality was not observed after 14 days. In addition, clinically relevant adverse effects, or variations in body weight or food consumption were not observed. Similarly, after 30 days in the sub-chronic toxicity study, no mortality or significant toxicological effects such as decreased food consumption, body weight, biochemical parameters and vital organs etc. were noticed.@*CONCLUSION@#The results revealed that the forsythin from Forsythia suspensa leaves has low or no toxicity via oral administration, and therefore is suitable for further development and applications.

Protective Effects of Solanum erianthum D. Don Leaf Extract on Lead-Induced Toxicity in Adult Wistar Rats.

The possible protective effects of the ethyl acetate fraction of Solanum erianthum ethanol leaf extract on lead-induced toxicity in adult Wistar rats were investigated. Phytochemical constituents, antioxidant and membrane stabilizing activities of the ethanol extract and its fractions were determined using standard procedures. Acute and sub-chronic oral toxicity studies were carried out. The rats were treated orally with lead (10 mg/kg b. wt) and extract (100 mg/kg b. wt). The blood samples, liver, and kidney were collected for the estimation of biochemical and organ parameters, and histomorphological studies. The ethyl acetate fraction had the highest antioxidant activities and high membrane stabilizing potentials when compared to the crude extract and other fractions. Significant elevations were observed in plasma albumin, creatinine and urea levels in group treated with lead only. The activities of plasma ALT and AST were significantly increased in group treated with lead alone. Treatment with ethyl acetate fraction significantly decreased (p < 0.05) the elevated ALT, AST, urea and creatinine levels. The histology evidence showed progressive degeneration of the liver and kidney tissues in lead treated groups while the administration of S. erianthum showed appreciable degrees of protection to both the liver and kidney. The study concluded that ethyl acetate fraction of S. erianthum has protective effects against lead-induced toxicity in adult Wistar rats.

A subchronic toxicity study of ethanol root extract of baked Aconitum flavum in rats

ABSTRACT The genus Aconitum has strong toxicity, but the acute toxicity of baked Aconitum flavum Hand.-Mazz., Ranunculaceae, was reduced significantly on the premise of keeping anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities. However, the risk associated with long-term use is unknown. In a sub-chronic toxicity study, rats were orally administered A. flavum at doses of 0.76–3.03 g/kg for 90 days and further recovered for 14 days. Our results showed that oral treatment with A. flavum for 90 days caused significant changes in some hematological indicators at doses of 3.03 and 1.52 g/kg, such as red blood cell, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. These results indicated that the A. flavum affects the structure and function of red blood cell. Furthermore, significant changes were observed in the white blood cell at dose of 3.03 g/kg in male rats, which confirmed tissue damage or toxicity. The liver function tests exhibited non-significant alterations in aspertate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and avenin-like storage proteinsgene. But other parameters, such as total protein and albumin were obviously decreased at all doses. A. flavum also caused a significant decrease in glucose, cholesterol and triacylglyceride at all doses. For kidney function, there were significant elevations in urea and creatinine at doses of 3.03 and 1.52 g/kg. The levels of certain electrolytes (Na+, K+ and Cl-) were significantly different after 90 days of treatment with A. flavum (3.03 and 1.52 g/kg). Organs were observed by light microscopy after hematoxylin-eosin staining. Hemosiderin depositions in the spleen were observed in the A. flavum group. These data demonstrated that the subtoxicity of A. flavum was reduced considerably by baked, but the subchronic toxicity effects on the liver, kidney and spleen should not be ignored.

Acute and sub-chronic toxicity of tetrandrine in intravenously exposed female BALB/c mice / 中国结合医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the acute and sub-chronic toxicity of intravenously administered tetrandrine (TET) in female BALB/c mice.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The median lethal dose (LD) of intravenously administered TET was calculated in mice using Dixon's up-and-down method. In the acute toxicity study, mice were intravenously administered with TET at a single dose of 20, 100, 180, 260 and 340 mg/kg, respectively and were evaluated at 14 days after administration. In the sub-acute toxicity study, mice were intravenously administered various doses of TET (30, 90 and 150 mg/kg) each day for 14 consecutive days. Clinical symptoms, mortality, body weight, serum biochemistry, organ weight and histopathology were examined at the end of the experiment, as well as after a 1-week recovery period.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>LDwas found to be 444.67±35.76 mg/kg. In the acute toxicity study, no statistically signifificant differences in body weight, blood biochemistry, or organ histology were observed between the administration and control groups when mice were intravenously administered with single dose at 20, 100, 180, 260 and 340 mg/kg of TET (P >0.05). In the sub-acute toxicity study, no signifificant changes in body weight, biochemistry and organ histology were observed with up to 90 mg/kg of TET compared with the control group (P >0.05), however, in the 150 mg/kg administered group, TET induced transient toxicity to liver, lungs and kidneys, but withdrawal of TET can lead to reversal of the pathological conditions.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The overall fifindings of this study indicate that TET is relatively non-toxic from a single dose of 20, 100, 180, 260 or 340 mg/kg, and that up to 90 mg/kg daily for 14 consecutive days can be considered a safe application dose.</p>

Toxicological Investigation of Ethanolic Extract of Epipremnum aureum in Rodents.

The present study was aimed to explore the acute and sub chronic toxicity studies with orally administered ethanolic leave extract of Epipremnum aureum. For the acute toxicity study, the animals were divided into four groups and each group receives a dose of (50, 500, 2000) mg/kg except control group which receives only 1% CMC. They were observed for 14days for signs of toxicity. In case of sub chronic toxicity, the Sprague dawley rats were fed with ethanol extract (100, 600, and 1000) mg/kg per day for 28 days. The parameters measured include organ weight, biochemical test, haematological test and histopathological observations. Acute oral administration of Epipremnum aureum did not show any mortality, CNS and ANS toxicities. Similarly in subchronic toxicity studies, Epipremnum aureum did not show any visible signs of toxicity. There were also no significant differences between the control and extract treated groups in terms of their organ weight, haematological and biochemical parameters. Histopathological examination did not reveal any remarkable and treatment related changes. A no-observed adverse-effect level for extract is 2000 mg/kg for rats under the conditions of this study. Hence, the extracts could be considered safe at the doses administered since they did not provoke toxic effect on the key organs examined and also did not alter any biochemical and haematological parameters.

Evaluating Muco-suppressant, Anti-tussive and Safety Profile of Polyscias fruticosa (L.) Harms (Araliaceae) in Asthma Management.

Background: Polyscias fruticosa is been used in Ghanaian folkloric medicine for the management of asthma and its related complications. Aim: This study evaluated the muco-suppressant, anti-tussive, and safety profile of an ethanolic leaf extract of Polyscias fruticosa in its use as an anti-asthmatic. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana and the School of Physical Sciences, University of Cape-Coast, Cape-Coast, Ghana; between December, 2013 and May, 2014. Methodology: Preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out on the extract. Ammonium chloride-induced tracheal mucus phenol red secretion in ICR mice and the suppression of citric acid-induced cough in Dunkin-Hartley guinea pigs were determined after treatment of experimental animals with 100 mg/kg sodium cromoglycate, or 20 mg/kg dihydrocodeine respectively, as well as with 100, 250, or 500 mg/kg of the extract. A 100, 250, and 500 mg/kg dose of the extract was administered daily for 28 days to groups of guinea pigs to establish a safety profile in a sub-chronic toxicity study. Results: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins and cyanogenetic glycosides, alkaloids, and sterols. The extract significantly inhibited (P ≤ .01 - 0.001) tracheal mucus phenol red secretion, and suppression of citric acid-induced cough. There were no significant changes in body weight, haematological profile, as well as liver and kidney functions in the sub-chronic toxicity study. Conclusion: The findings indicate that the ethanolic leaf extract of Polyscias fruticosa has muco-suppressant and anti-tussive properties, and is safe to use; hence a suitable adjunct/remedy for the management of asthma.

Toxicity Study of Ricinus cummunis Lnn Seed Suspension in Female Wister Albino Rats.

Ricinus communis seed has been proven effective to prevent conception since time immemorial. This research focuses on the toxicity study of the seed suspension in Wister albino rats. Twenty four (24) rats were used for the sub-chronic toxicity study, while 13 mice for the acute toxicity study. The seed suspension of Ricinus communis seed at three graded concentrations (3.80, 7.60 and 11.40 mg/kg body weight) was administered orally; to Groups I, II and III respectively once every day for the period of one month. The liver and kidney functions were determined after the last administration. Serum alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), urea and creatinine were determined. The activity of ALT, AST, ALP and the concentrations of urea and creatinine at 3.80 mg/kg body weight showed no significant difference (p>0.05) compared to the control. However, a significant increase (p<0.05) in these parameters was observed in rats given 7.60 and 11.40 mg/kg body weight. Similarly a significant increase (p<0.05) in lipid profile was observed in rats given 11.40 mg/kg body weight. Acute toxicity revealed the median lethal dose (LD50) of 1587 mg. Histological analysis of the liver and kidneys of the rats after three months revealed no cellular death, necrosis or inflammation. This indicates that consecutive use of the seed at the traditional dose (3.80 mg/kg in rat; equivalent to 3 seed/70Kg in human) for long period of time is neither hepatotoxic nor nephrotoxic. Ricinus communis seed is therefore safe in rats at the concentrations administered.

Evaluation of acute and sub-chronic toxicities of ulcer fast®: a bi-herbal formula in male Wistar albino rats.

The acute and sub-chronic toxicities of ulcer fast® (UF) - A commercial bi-herbal formula prepared with Alstonia boonei and Xylopia aethiopica in male Wistar albino rats was evaluated. There was no mortality in rats administered 2000 mg/kg body weight (BW) of UF in an acute toxicity study. A significant (p≤0.05) increase in daily consumption of feed and fluid intake in experimental rats after 28 days was recorded followed by a progressive increase in BW of rats administered 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg BW of UF in a dose-dependent manner. Alanine amino transferase, aspartate amino transferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, triacylglycerides and creatinine increased significantly (p≤0.05) in rats treated with UF, whereas urea and fasting blood sugar decreased significantly (p≤0.05) in a dose-dependent manner when compared with control. There was a marginal decrease in serum calcium ion and phosphate ion following the administration of UF when compared with control. Packed cell volume and hemoglobin decreased significantly (p≤0.05) in rats treated with UF, whereas white blood cell increased significantly (p≤0.05) in a dose-dependent manner when compared with control. Histological examination of the liver, kidney, heart and lungs showed normal architecture in control group, whereas hepatocytes of rats treated with 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg BW of UF were characterized by slight periportal fatty change, marked change and ballooning degeneration. Heart muscle of rats treated with 200mg/kg BW of UF showed slight inflammation while histological examination of the lungs showed areas of interstitium damage and diffuse alveolar damage in rats treated with UF. In conclusion, indiscriminate administration of UF could be of public health concern and long-term exposure may cause a significant potential health risk.

Safety assessment of hydroethanolic rambutan rind extract: Acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies.

This study evaluated the safety of rambutan rind extract (RRE) in male Wistar rats. While acute toxicity was evaluated by feeding the rats with single doses of RRE (1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, and 5000 mg/kg) and its sub-chronic toxicity was observed in rats orally administered with RRE (500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg) daily for 30 days. In acute toxicity study, the LD50 was found to be greater than 5000 mg/kg of RRE. In sub-chronic toxicity study, no mortality and sign of toxicity was found up to 1000 mg/kg/day of RRE. At 2000 mg/kg/day dose, the mortality rate was 12.5%. Significant decreases in body weight gain and food consumption were found in both acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies. In acute toxicity study, all the studied doses of RRE did not alter serum levels of triglyceride (TG), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). In sub-chronic toxicity study, all studied doses of RRE significantly decreased plasma levels of TG and blood urea nitrogen, but did not alter plasma levels of AST and ALT. TC levels did not show any significant change in both the studies. The obtained results provide basic information for in vivo experimental studies of the pharmacological potentiality of RRE.

Safety assessment of diabecon: An ayurvedic formulation in rats.

Diabecon an ayurvedic formulation was tested for safety by estimation of heavy metal contents and also for acute and sub chronic toxicity. Heavy metal content in formulation were tested and found to be within limit as prescribed by WHO. In acute toxicity no toxic symptoms were seen at single oral dose of 2000 mg/kg, observed up to 14 days in rats. In sub chronic toxicity study, Diabecon was tested at the doses of 50, 250 and 500 mg/kg p.o. once daily for 90 days in rats. The results did not show evidence of any treatment related changes in body weight, food and water intake and ill health or behavioral changes, when compared with the control animals. Some significant changes were observed in high dose treatment group (500 mg/kg) in hematological and serum chemistry parameters compared to control group but were within the normal laboratory limit and were considered as incidental.

Subchronic and acute preclinic toxicity and some pharmacological effects of the water extract from leaves of Petiveria alliacea (Phytolaccaceae)

We tested the effects of the aqueous extract of Petiveria alliacea leaves on acute and sub-chronic toxicity, hematocrit and blood glucose level and intestinal motility of male albino NGP mice of 20 to 25 g mean weight. Treatments were in all cases doses of 1,000 and 2,000 mg/kg animal weight and a control treatment with 0.5 ml distilled water, using 10 animals per treatment and administered orally every day (5 days per week). Experimental periods were 18 and 70 days for acute and sub chronic toxicity, respectively. No mortality nor any toxicity signs could be observed. A slight but significant increase in the glucose levels during the first three weeks was observed with the 1,000 mg/kg dose but not for the higher 2,000 mg/kg dose. After administering the doses once after a starving period of six hours, no significant differences in intestinal motility could be found.

Se evaluaron los efectos del estracto acuoso de las hojas de Petiveria alliacea, en la toxicidad aguda y toxicidad subcrónica, hematocritos, niveles de glucosa en la sangre y motilidad intestinal del ratón macho albino NGP, con un peso promedio de 20 a 25g. En todos los casos los tratamientos fueron dosis de 1 000 y 2 000 mg/kg de peso del animal y un tratamiento control con 0.5 ml de agua destilada, usando 10 animales por tratamiento y administrado oralmente cinco días por semana. Los períodos experimentales fueron de 18 y 70 días para toxicidad aguda y toxicidad subcrónica, respectivamente. No se observaron signos de mortalidad ni de toxidad en ambas pruebas. Con la dosis de 1 000 mg/kg hubo un leve pero significativo incremento en los niveles de glucosa durante las primeras tres semanas, pero no con la dosis más alta de 2 000 mg/ kg. Después de administrar las dosis luego de un período de hambre de seis horas, no se encontraron diferencias significativas en la motilidad intestinal.

Sub-Chronic Toxicity Study of Lake Water Treated with Effect Microorganisms / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To study the sub-chronic toxicity of lake water treated with effect microorganisms(EM).Methods One hundred and ten Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups,11 males and 11 females in each.Three groups were treated orally with lake water depurated with EM,at the doses of 125,250,500 ml/kg respectively,for 90 consecutive days.The other two groups were treated with the untreated lake water(250 ml/kg) and tap water,respectively.The animal's behavior,body weight,blood and organ tissue indicators were examined.Results No poisoning signs were observed in all animals,no significant difference was found in body weight,blood routine test indexes,the serum test indexes between all treated groups and control groups,and no significant pathological change in the organ tissues of all treated groups and control groups was seen.Conclusion The lake water depurated with EM at doses of 125 to 500 ml/kg may not induce sub-chronic toxicity in rats.